The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus returned from his first voyage in March 1493, having discovered the New World...although he didn’t know it. He still believed that he had found some uncharted islands near Japan or China  and that further exploration was needed. His first voyage had been a bit of a fiasco, as he had lost one of the three ships entrusted to him and he did not bring back much in the way of gold or other valuable items. He did, however, have a handful of bedraggled natives he had taken on the island of Hispaniola, and he was able to convince the Spanish crown to finance the second voyage of discovery and colonization. Preparations for the Second Voyage The second voyage was to be a large-scale colonization and exploration project. Columbus was given 17 ships and over 1,000 men. Included on this voyage, for the first time, were European domesticated animals such as pigs, horses, and cattle. Columbus’ orders were to expand the settlement on Hispaniola, convert the natives to Christianity, establish a trading post, and continue his explorations in search of China or Japan. The fleet set sail on October 13th, 1493, and made excellent time, first sighting land on November 3rd. Dominica, Guadalupe and the Antilles The island first sighted was named Dominica by Columbus, a name it retains to this day. Columbus and some of his men visited the island, but it was inhabited by fierce Caribs and they did not stay very long. Moving on, they discovered and explored a number of small islands, including Guadalupe, Montserrat, Redondo, Antigua, and several others in the Leeward Islands and Lesser Antilles chains. He also visited Puerto Rico before making his way back to Hispaniola. Hispaniola and the Fate of La Navidad Columbus had wrecked one of his three ships the year before during his first voyage. He had been forced to leave 39 of his men behind on Hispaniola, in a small settlement named La Navidad. Upon returning to the island, Columbus discovered that the men he had left had angered the native population by raping local women. The natives had attacked the settlement, slaughtering the Europeans to the last man. Columbus, consulting his native chieftain ally Guacanagarà ­, laid the blame on Caonabo, a rival chief. Columbus and his men attacked, routing Caonabo and taking many of his people as slaves. Isabella Columbus founded the town of Isabella on the northern coast of Hispaniola, and spent the next five months or so getting the settlement established and exploring the island. Building a town in a steamy land with inadequate provisions is hard work, and many of the men sickened and died. It reached the point where a group of settlers, led by Bernal de Pisa, attempted to capture and make off with several ships and go back to Spain: Columbus learned of the revolt and punished the plotters. The settlement of Isabella remained but never thrived. It was abandoned in 1496 in favor of a new site, now Santo Domingo. Cuba and Jamaica Columbus left the settlement of Isabella in the hands of his brother Diego in April, setting out to explore the region further. He reached Cuba (which he had discovered on his first voyage) on April 30 and explored it for several days before moving on to Jamaica on May 5. He spent the next few weeks exploring the treacherous shoals around Cuba and searching in vain for the mainland. Discouraged, he returned to Isabella on August 20, 1494. Columbus as Governor Columbus had been appointed governor and Viceroy of the new lands by the Spanish crown, and for the next year and a half, he attempted to do his job. Unfortunately, Columbus was a good ship’s captain but a lousy administrator, and those colonists that still survived grew to hate him. The gold they had been promised never materialized and Columbus kept most of what little wealth was found for himself. Supplies began running out, and in March of 1496 Columbus returned to Spain to ask for more resources to keep the struggling colony alive. The Start of the American Indian Slave Trade Columbus brought back many native slaves with him. Columbus, who had once again promised gold and trade routes, did not want to return to Spain empty-handed. Queen Isabella, appalled, decreed that the New World natives were subjects of the Spanish crown and therefore could not be enslaved. However, the practice of enslaving indigenous populations continued. People of Note in Columbus’ Second Voyage Ramà ³n Panà © was a Catalan priest who lived among the Taà ­no people for about four years  and produced a short but very important ethnographic history of their culture.Francisco de Las Casas was an adventurer whose son Bartolomà © was destined to become very important in the fight for native rights.Diego Velà ¡zquez was a conquistador who later became governor of Cuba.Juan de la Cosa was an explorer and cartographer who produced several important early maps of the Americas.Juan Ponce de Leà ³n would become governor of Puerto Rico but was most famous for his journey to Florida in search of the Fountain of Youth. Historical Importance of the Second Voyage Columbus’ second voyage marked the start of colonialism in the New World, the social importance of which cannot be overstated. By establishing a permanent foothold, Spain took the first steps towards their mighty empire of the centuries that followed, an empire that was built with New World gold and silver. When Columbus brought back slaves to Spain, he also caused the question of slavery in the New World to be aired openly, and Queen Isabella decided that her new subjects could not be enslaved. Although Isabella perhaps prevented a few instances of enslavement, the conquest and colonization of the New World were devastating and deadly for Native Americans: the indigenous population dropped by approximately 80% between 1492 and the mid-17th century. The drop was caused mainly by the arrival of Old World diseases, but other Native Americans died as a result of violent conflict or enslavement. Many of those who sailed with Columbus on his second voyage went on to play very important roles in the history of the New World. These first colonists had a great amount of influence and power over the course of the next few decades of history in their part of the world. Sources Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962Present. Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Hardcover, 1st edition, Random House, June 1, 2004.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine - 2005 Words

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine A Term Paper Presented to MS. SERPOLETTE BOHOL Department of Social Sciences and Humanities College of Education and Social Sciences Mindanao State University at Naawan 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course English 2 (College English 2) by ERNIE G. ALJAS HANS KELVIN P. MERMIO March 2011 Introduction Nowadays there are insufficient of medical specialist in the most developing countries which can cause of increase of mortality of patients suffered from various diseases. With this case, the institutions of higher learning take certain action to produce as many doctors as possible. However, many patients will die while†¦show more content†¦Artificial intelligence can be possibly malfunctions and do the opposite of what they program to do. Purpose in making Artificial Intelligence in medical application Medical artificial intelligence is primary concerned with the const ruction of artificial intelligence programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations. In this case, many intelligent systems have developed for the purpose of doing fastest operations with deals in medication, for enhancing health-care and provide better health care facilities, reduce cost and many others. It also developed for or to assist users, particularly doctors and patients and to provide early diagnosis and prediction to prevent serious illness. However, intelligent system can never replace the human expertise because as human they are very useful as required in doing frequent monitoring to ensure the validation of the system. The challenge, however, is for researchers and developers of Artificial Intelligence to push boundaries by elevating the capabilities of computer systems so as to be adaptable and creative when handling specific and unfamiliar situations. To produce machines that are capable of automating even the most human of tasks requiring intelligent thought. The purpose of Artificial Intelligence research should not be misunderstood, though. It is not to replicate human beings, but rather to develop useful machines that can solve problems as well as humans. To suchShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence Of Medicine ( Aim )1571 Words   |  7 Pages 3.1 Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Artificial intelligence in Medicine (AIM) [‎18,‎19] frameworks are expected to help healthcare laborers in the typical course of their obligations, supporting assignments that depend on the control of data and information. 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Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan Free Essays

string(87) " promotion of educational culture in Pakistan, but its main objective is money-making\." Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan By: Sehar Sheikh Outline: Introduction: †¢A problem-free society; desire of every individual †¢Defining social and economic problems †¢Why they are a menace? A. Social Problems †¢Problems at the time of separation grew with the passage of time †¢The current scenario a. Poor law and order situation b. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poverty c. Illiteracy d. Corruption e. Unemployment f. Child Labour B. Economic Problems †¢Power crises and war on terrorism, root of basic economic problems †¢Loss of MNCs business †¢Tumbling stock market †¢Unprecedented Inflation Declining exports †¢Loss of Foreign Exchange through Tourism Industry †¢Influx of local people from war-ridden areas and their rehabilitation C. Remedies †¢Improved law and order situation †¢Poverty alleviation †¢Stern accountability †¢Building new dams to curb energy crises Conclusion Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan Social Issue/Problem 🙠 Pakistan) Pakistan as a nation is a developing country and consequently she faces a wide array of social problems: educational, economical, political, religious and a number of internal ethnic conflicts.However I believe that it is more important to address small issues first and then work towards the annihilation of the larger ones. After all small steps lead to big changes and transformations. T he most beautiful moment in the life of humans is when someone of their own blood calls them ‘mama’ or ‘papa’. Parents want to provide the newborn with the best of everything. He is pampered, protected and taken care of. The blissful period of childhood soon gets over, and the little human infant grows up to be an adult ready to face the challenges of the world he was born in.He sees around him with a hope of finding the same perfection in everything which his parents had provided him with. In no time, he realizes that the Utopian concept of a perfect world should be confined to the fictional Island created by Thomas More in his widely renowned novel only. That Utopia was far from reality and had nothing to do with the world around us. It’s a world abound with countless problems- social, economic, legal, political, spiritual and the list goes on. Certain social and economic conditions become a menace for the society when they start asserting negative influence on the society.Usually those social needs which persist in a society for long period of time without being fulfilled owing to restrained budgetary scenarios, they turn into socio-economic problems. The major problems of a society are linked with the providence of basic necessities of life to the people making up the society. If the basic needs of man- shelter, food and clothing are not fulfilled, the deprivation of these needs gradually transform into different forms of social menaces. In the context of Pakistan, owing to the fact that it is a developing nation, there is no wonder that it is engulfed with a number of ocial and economical problems. The real issue is not the presence of these problems in society because, as stated earlier, there is no concept of an ideal society in the world. Every country in the world has its own set of socio-economic problems. The main issue is the extent and intensity of the socio-economic problems of Pakistan which have soared to alarming levels. I will discuss some major social and economic problems that are of serious concern for social scientists and political economists. A. Social Problems Pakistan has been facing a lot of social problems since its inception in 1947.In the start there were the problems of lack of funds, rehabilitation of refugees, poor infrastructure and widespread poverty of masses. Quaid-e-Azam tried his best to solve these problems and get the state machinery working but due to his sudden death, he could not eradicate these problems completely. Subsequent governments didn’t pay considerable attention towards solution of various social problems and thus they grew with the passage of time and became social evils. At present the gravest problem that Pakistan is facing is its precarious law and order condition.Terrorism has become a headache for federation and a nightmare for public. Government has been helpless in eradicating terrorism despite beefing up security in metropolitan cities. Public seeks answer to the question that what is their fault for which they are being punished by the terrorists? People have become numerical figures, blown up in numbers every now and then. Terrorists have not spared any place. Bazars, mosques, educational institutes, offices, hotels- you name it and the place is not safe any more. Besides terrorism there are other social problems which are older and more widespread. The biggest of these problems is poverty. 70% population of Pakistan lives in villages. Most of them don’t have access to adequate basic needs of life. They are struggling for bread and butter. A large chunk of population lives below poverty line. They live in miserable conditions. Lack of proper food, clothing and shelter, poor sanitation, unsafe and sometimes contaminated drinking water are just some of their many problems. Poverty itself gives rise to various other social problems. It deprives children of poor people to access education and healthcare. A sense of deprivation manifests itself in form of various crimes.That is why every now and then we read crime stories in newspapers that are characterized by lower orders of society who adopt illegal channels to get the financial prosperity which they can not achieve otherwise. Illiteracy is yet an other problem of Pakistan. The literacy rate lingers on 56% and ironically it also includes those people who can read and write their name in Urdu. Over the decades, despite decreasing, illiteracy rate in Pakistan has shown an upward trend. Not only that but enrollment ratio of students at primary level has shown a decreasing trend.The fact that 50 percent of children do not complete their primary education testifies this fact. Uneducated adults contribute negligibly to the national exchequer. Despite spending millions on it, government has failed to achieve literacy rates comparable to other countries in South Asia. Private sector is doing commendable job for the promotion of educational culture in Pakistan, but its main objective is money-making. You read "Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan" in category "Papers" Schools and colleges are opened as a business prospect and thus many of them lack quality. Corruption is another huge social problem. According to latest report of Transparency International, Pakistan has been ranked at 42nd number among the most corrupt nations of the world. From clerical staff to higher offices and bureaucrats, all are involved in corruption of one kind or the other. Corruption in government departments is so much deep-rooted that a common concept prevails that the system doesn’t let honest people to work peacefully. There is a lack of accountability due to which wealthy people and those in power are sure that they can’t be held responsible for their deeds. So they keep on looting the national treasures and find ways to legalize their black-money.Many corrupt people don’t even bother to do that. Unemployment is also regarded as a major social problem. Major portion of Pakistan’s population consists of youth and a large number of young people who have the ability and are willing to work are unemployed. Currently rate of unemployment as per official resources is 7. 4% but according to some private estimates the arte of unemployment is 12%. There are many reasons of unemployment like influx of machinery that has replaced manpower, lack of new industries and defective education system. But the impacts of unemployment are more serious and dangerous.People who don’t find work here migrate to other countries with better prospects. Also, people tired of making both ends meet due to unemployment indulge in nefarious activities and ratio of crimes increases. Child labour is widespread in Pakistan. Whether in bigger cities or in small villages, we find innocent malnourished children employed in various forms of labour. They are working as welders, mechanics, plumbers, electricians and in industries like carpet-weaving, glass and football making. Meager wages are paid to these children and no facilities for education are provided. Media and NGOs have always condemned child labour.In past, some countries refused to import those goods from Pakistan in whose making children were employed. But despite all these factors, due to growing inflation and poverty, parents are bound to send their children to work to light their stoves. These are just few of the many social problems Pakistan is facing today. Population expansion has been a real issue of concern for all governments. With limited resources it is very difficult to cater to the needs of growing population. There is a great economic disparity among the people. Poor are committing suicides out of hunger while rich are busy amassing more and more wealth.These social problems directly affect the masses. Apart from these there are several economic problems which have broken the backbone of national treasury. B. Economic Problems Economic prosperity serves as a backbone for the overall progress of a nation. One thing is common in all developed nations- they are economically sound. When citizens of a country are freed from the worries of earning a livelihood to sustain their lives, they divert their attention to more useful things. They focus on education, improvise healthcare, develop technologies that make life easy and much more.Poor economic condition is the root cause of so many problems that exist in a society. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s economic conditions are pathetic. As if power crises, lack of foreign investment for the development of industrial zones, backward and out-dated technology were not enough, Pakistan’s indulgence in war on terrorism served as a fatal blow to the already crumbling economic state. Result is that all our important industries that once served as an important contributor to the national GDP have been closed down. Sugar, cement and shoe industry is on its downfall while textile industry is breathing its last.Foreign investors are not ready to setup their businesses in Pakistan. They have their own set of problems which include painful and lengthy procedure of getting licenses and work permits in Pakistan, power crises, terrorism and declining exports. Multinational Companies are reluctant to open their offices and franchises in Pakistan. More than 70 MNCs have already packed up their business from Pakistan. Stock Exchanges also depict a true picture of economic meltdown. Instable political system, dictatorship in its worse form and non-effective democracy badly affect the rates of stocks listed on the three stock exchanges of Pakistan.During this year, many times Karachi Stock Exchange has plunged to its lowest point in the history of Pakistan. Local as well as foreign investors are hesitant of investing large sums of money in stock exchange in fear of incurring unexpected loss. Stock exchanges showed very poor performance throughout 2008. Situation was so precarious that government had to freeze the market during last quarter of 2008. Also, recovery state of stocks is alarming. Earlier when stock market used to plunge, it would recover in few days or weeks. Now share prices take a nose-dive and take considerable time to generate profits.Rate of inflation was never a two-digit figure in Pakistan, but in recent years it has seen an unprecedented increase. Prices of all consumer products in general and food products in particular are rocket high. Core inflation soared to 18. 85% in first quarter of year 2009 until SBP took steps to curb inflation through tight monetary policy. Cost of production increased due to various factors. International increase in oil prices and Pakistan’s internal unfavourable business conditions are two important factors responsible for high rates of inflation.Consumer Price Index (CPI) as well as Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is at all-time high. In contrast, purchasing power of masses is at an all-time low. Northern areas of Pakistan have been a place of great tourist attraction. The beautiful hills, the lush green valleys, shimmering lakes and flowing waterfalls brought many a tourist form all over the world to Pakistan. This contributed to foreign exchange. Tourism Industry was one of the booming industries of Pakistan. Besides attracting foreign exchange, it also provided employment to local people.Also, tourist industry was a source of friendly relations with other countries. Nevertheless, war on terrorism has served as a serious blow to the tourism industry of Pakistan. Local as well as foreign media has projected Pakistan as a dangerous and unsafe country. Its poor law and order situation has alarmed the tourist and thus Northern areas no more receive many tourists. Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden areas are migrating to other areas of Pakistan. Country has seen the largest migration since independence in 1947. These people have left their homes, businesses, possessions and property back home.This large influx of people and their rehabilitation is an economic burden for Pakistan. Unemployment is already prevalent and now the question of providing employment to these migrants has also become a serious concern. This portion of population is contributing nothing worthwhile to the national income yet they have to be benefited from it. This unproductive lot of people is a growing economic problem of Pakistan. C. Remedies Successive governments have taken steps to solve various socio-economic problems. But these problems are so deep-rooted that they have not been successful in putting an end to these problems.The problem lies in the fact that government focuses on one factor and ignores the others related to it. For example, much emphasis is laid on beefing up security in big cities in wake of terrorism. But nothing serious has been done to seal the unlawful entrance of arms from across the border. Acids and explosive materials used for destruction by atomic bombs are easily available in market at cheap prices. Ministers and other government officials enjoy the facilities of squads of armed body guards while public places like markets, roads, shopping centers, bus stands etc are not adequately protected.To control terrorism, government needs to stop fighting the proxy war on behalf of USA. Secondly, there is a sheer need to curb corruption at all levels. The institutions of NAB and FIA should be made more powerful to curb corruption. Culprits should not be allowed to escape out of country. Rather strict punishments should be imposed on them. Not only they should be strictly dealt with, but the wealth looted by them should be recovered and employed for the welfare of people. Judiciary should be an independent institution. Currently Pakistan has experienced a new era in the history of its judicial set-up. Judiciary is powerful but we have yet to wait and see the results of independence of judiciary in Pakistan. Thirdly, poverty reduction should be top priority of government. Cottage industry and self-business should be promoted. Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It should be strengthened by providing loans to farmers. Free of cost educations should be provided to children in villages. Overall standard of living needs to be improved and inflation should be controlled. Lastly, for economic development, energy crises should be controlled. New dams should be built and new methods of producing electricity should be utilized.Conclusion: As stated in the start of essay, no country is free from socio-economic problems. These problems are present in every country but the winners are those who overcome most if not all of them. Though Pakistan is currently facing a lot of socio-political and socio-economic problems but it doesn’t mean that it is going towards its end. Nations face multifarious problems but together they work for towards the solution. The same is the need of hour. Government as well as every single citizen of Pakistan has to play its own specific role to bring about a positive change. How to cite Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan, Papers

General Electric free essay sample

GE is at the forefront of innovation and offers products that make life easier and conserve energy. The company offers over 400 different appliances for its customers to choose from. GE’s focus on style, innovation, higher performing products, and matching appliances attracts customers in all different price ranges. GE’s products differ from those offered by competitors for several different reasons. Most of GE’s major competitors; Amana, Maytag, Frigidaire, and Whirlpool, offer only one brand of products with several selections in various price ranges.GE offers four different brands of product that each offer various price ranges based on what is most important to the customer. GE has been in business since 1907 so the company has built a reputation of providing high quality products that many of its competitors have not established yet. GE’s focus on innovation has helped the company to develop more advanced energy efficient appliances and newer technology that has also helped to set its products apart from the competition. 2. What is emotional buying?Emotional buying is the act of making buying decisions based on an emotional response to the product. If two products are similar a consumer may chose to purchase one item over the other due to their emotional attachment to it. There are many different emotional purchase triggers that companies can appeal to. Consumers want a product that looks good, stands out from the other products, and makes them look good. They want a product that saves them time, money, and stress. Consumers want products that make them feel successful, secure, accepted and comfortable.People will actually pay more for a product or buy more of it if they have a strong emotional response to it. Companies can market their products in a way that creates an emotional response by appealing to the consumer’s emotional needs. Advertisements and marketing campaigns are created to communicate to the consumer what the product can do for them besides its obvious use. An example of emotional buying is that GE has found that consumers will come into the store for one appliance and end up making multiple unit buys because the matching line of appliances appeals to the consumer’s emotional triggers.GE has every distribution store set up its product displays so that all matching appliances are together in an environment that looks like a real kitchen. The product displays are set up like this so when a customer sees exactly what one appliance looks like next to another it might create a strong enough emotional response to convince that customer to buy both appliances. By setting up its displays in this manner GE is appealing to its customer’s emotional need to look good and stand out. 3. Discuss the GE Monogram and Profile lines?Who is the target market for such products? The GE Profile line offers appliances in contemporary designs with the latest technology. This line offers smart dispense dishwashers, front loading laundry systems, and energy efficient ovens all aimed at making a customer’s life easier and more attractive. The GE profile line is more advanced, therefore more expensive, than the normal GE line. The target market for this line is consumers in the upper 25 percent economically. This line appeals to upper middle class consumers who are either building new homes or remodeling.These customers are willing to spend more for a product upfront if it is going to save them time or money in the long run. They also are willing to buy multiple products at once to create an environment in their homes that is comfortable and makes them look good to their peers. The GE Monogram line offers luxury appliances that are professional quality. These appliances can be fully integrated and customized to the customer’s specific needs. The Monogram line is made up of the highest quality appliances available with all of the newest technology.The target market for this line is the upper two to five percent of customers economically. This line appeals to customers who are upper class and want the best product their money can buy regardless of the price. Many of these customers will have staff, like cooks and maids, using the appliances for them so the quality is more important than the ease of use. This line is for customers who will settle for nothing less than the best. 4. What strategies is GE using to maintain its place in the market?There are several different strategies GE uses to maintain its place in the market. GE uses a new offering development strategy to stay at the forefront of technological advances. The company focuses on innovation by developing new appliances and enhancing the existing products. GE is consistently working on improving its products in order to give the company an advantage over the competition. The company offers over 400 appliances with many different features. GE has the potential to attract more customers than its competitors because the company can offer more options.GE uses a uniform distribution strategy in order to make sure that its brands are being presented and displayed in an appropriate fashion. The way the appliances are displayed is important when it comes to creating an emotional buying response for customers so GE asks its distribution centers to follow very specific guidelines about how to display its appliances. GE is also very selective about where its products are sold. The higher end lines are only sold in elegant upscale settings and the normal line is only sold by distributers with good reputations. Another strategy GE uses is an environmentally friendly strategy.GE offers energy efficient and energy star products in order to convince consumers its products are better for the environment than other appliances. GE was the first appliance manufacturer to partner with the government on the Responsible Appliance Disposal Program. GE also started the Ecomagination program in order to design appliances that save energy costs while easing the appliances impact on the environment. As the number of consumers concerned with environmental issues increases, it becomes more important for companies to focus on being safer for the environment.